![]() ![]() Additionally, a pilot is able to maintain a reference to the horizon based largely on the visual reference. Additionally, visual reference can be established by differences in texture, detail, shadows, illumination, object clarity, and the size of objects as compared with known features or objects. ![]() Retinal image size acts to make larger objects appear closer and smaller images look more distant. One interprets faster-moving objects to be closer than slower-moving objects within the visual field. Monocular vision allows for an expansion of the visual field at the cost of limited depth perception. The motion parallax employs monocular vision and relates to the relative velocity of objects as they move across the retina. Several tools are used to establish a visual reference, including binocular vision, monocular vision, motion parallax, and retinal image size. Binocular vision utilizes the differences between retinal images to establish object location and movement and is effective for objects or terrain up to 200m away. Peripheral vision is used to gather general environmental information and identify motion.īy using visual references, the pilot is able to gather information about distance, speed, and depth. Peripheral vision is often subconscious, does not require focused attention, and is not distractible. Central vision interprets great detail, allows clear object recognition, and contains the majority of retinal cones leading to enhanced color perception. It is consciously controlled, requires active attention to focus, and can be easily distracted. Both central (foveal) and peripheral (ambient) vision act synergistically to establish visual orientation.Ĭentral vision is used in object identification. The following are sensory system physiology, pertinent anatomy, and some of the more common aviation-related types of illusions:ĭuring the flight, visual reference is the largest contributor to accurate spatial orientation. But spatial disorientation can occur during any type of flight. Other factors include pilot experience, mission preparation, etc.Ĭonditions that make spatial disorientation more likely include instrument flight conditions, night vision goggle flights, unaided night flight, and excessive-G flight. Misinterpretation or inaccuracy of these three sources of information can lead to “sensory mismatch,” resulting in a variety of visual or vestibular illusions. Complex coordination between these sensory inputs is then translated and interpreted by the brain. Proprioceptive sensory inputs from receptors located in the skin, muscle, tendons, and joints account for 5% of the sensory information used to establish orientation. The vestibular system within the inner ear contributes 15%. The human eye provides visual and spatial orientation, which is responsible for providing about 80% of the sensory inputs needed to maintain orientation. If visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive stimuli vary in magnitude, direction and frequency the resulting effect can be spatial disorientation. To achieve appropriate orientation the body relies on accurate perception and cognitive integration of all three systems. Spatial disorientation is achieved through three major sensory sources: visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive. ![]() Spatial disorientation is a phenomenon that is well known to aviators, but it remains unclearly defined and continues to be one of largest causes of aviation mishaps. Aviation incorporates a three-dimensional environment and can lead to sensory conflicts, making orientation difficult or even impossible to maintain. Humans are naturally designed to maintain orientation while on the ground in a two-dimensional environment. Aviation-associated spatial disorientation, as described by Benson, occurs when “the pilot fails to sense correctly the position, motion, or attitude of his aircraft or of himself within the fixed coordinate system provided by the surface of the Earth and the gravitational vertical.” In other words, spatial orientation is the natural ability to maintain body orientation and/or posture in relation to one's environment while at rest and during motion. ![]()
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